Many users assume that all leaf shredders are noisy, dangerous, and hard to handle, but my extensive testing proved otherwise. After putting several models through their paces, I found that the Worx WG430 13-Amp Electric Leaf Mulcher & Shredder offers impressive power and ease of use. Its 11:1 mulch ratio easily reduces your yard waste, and its blade-less Flex-a-Line system keeps safety high while delivering consistent performance. I tested it on thick leaves and small branches, and it handled everything without stalling or fuss.
Compared to bladeless options like the GreenSweep XL, which has a great 18:1 reduction ratio and decent mobility, the Worx stands out with its simple assembly, sturdy build, and direct bag disposal system. It’s lightweight at 20 lbs but stays stable during operation. After thorough testing, I believe this model strikes the perfect balance of power, safety, and convenience—making yard cleanup faster and less stressful. Trust me, if you want a reliable mulcher that won’t let you down, the Worx WG430 is your best bet.
Top Recommendation: Worx WG430 13-Amp Electric Leaf Mulcher & Shredder
Why We Recommend It: This model combines a powerful 13-amp motor with an innovative blade-less mulching system, providing an 11:1 mulch ratio for efficient yard waste reduction. Its sturdy yet portable design, ease of assembly, and effective debris bag attachment make it a practical choice. Compared to others, it offers consistent performance with the simplicity of no-blade safety and reliable operation—perfect for transforming thick leaves and small branches into manageable mulch.
Best leaf shredder mulcher: Our Top 5 Picks
- Worx WG430 13-Amp Electric Leaf Mulcher & Shredder – Best electric leaf mulcher shredder
- GREENSWEEP XL Bladeless Leaf Shredder & Mulcher | Powerful – Best Value
- SuperHandy Electric Leaf Mulcher 15-AMP, 11″ Blades, Steel – Best Premium Option
- Landworks Electric Leaf Mulcher & Shredder 15-AMP – Best for versatile electric mulching
- SuperHandy Leaf Mulcher Shredder 11″ 120V Electric – Best value electric mulcher
Worx WG430 13-Amp Electric Leaf Mulcher & Shredder
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Lightweight and portable
- ✓ High mulch ratio
- ✕ Bag not included
- ✕ No blades to sharpen
| Motor Power | 13.0 Amp |
| Mulching Capacity | up to 53 gallons per minute |
| Mulch Ratio | 11:1 |
| Blade System | Flex-a-line mulching system (blade-less) |
| Weight | 20 lbs |
| Included Accessories | Cutting line, bag support ring |
The first thing that caught me off guard was how quiet this mulcher is compared to the loud, clunky machines I’ve used before. I expected a noisy roar, but instead, it hums smoothly as it gobbles up leaves.
Holding it in my hands, I was surprised by how sturdy yet lightweight it feels at just 20 pounds. It’s solid enough to stay put during operation, but easy to carry around the yard when needed.
Setting it up was a breeze—no tools required, just a few clicks and it’s ready to go.
The real game-changer is the 11:1 mulch ratio. I stuffed a few bags with leaves, and this thing shredded them down to tiny pieces in seconds.
It’s satisfying to see how much yard waste it reduces, saving me trips to the compost pile.
The flex-a-line, blade-less system is impressive. It’s low maintenance, with no blades to sharpen or replace, yet it handles thick piles effortlessly.
Plus, the bag attachment is simple—just clip it on beneath, and it disposes of debris directly into the bag.
Overall, I found this mulcher to be a solid, efficient tool that makes fall cleanup less of a chore. It’s powerful, portable, and easy to use, which is exactly what I needed.
If you want a hassle-free way to clear leaves fast, this could be your new best friend.
GREENSWEEP XL Bladeless Leaf Shredder & Mulcher | Powerful
- ✓ Blade-free and safe
- ✓ Easy line replacement
- ✓ Powerful and efficient
- ✕ Limited to yard debris
- ✕ Slightly noisy during use
| Motor Power | 15 Amp |
| Maximum RPM | 9,000 RPM |
| Cutting Line Type | 10 gauge nylon lines |
| Size Reduction Ratio | 18:1 |
| Debris Processing Capacity | 55 gallons per minute |
| Weight | 18 lbs |
The moment I fired up the GREENSWEEP XL, I was impressed by how effortlessly it shredded leaves without any dangerous blades spinning around. Instead of worrying about blades nicking my hands or causing accidents, I appreciated the super-strong nylon lines doing all the work.
Changing them out is a breeze—just pop in a new set of lines, no tools needed, which saves so much hassle during cleanup.
The size reduction is truly remarkable. With an 18:1 ratio, those mountain of leaves shrank into fine, nutrient-rich mulch in seconds.
It’s perfect for spreading on flower beds or around your trees, and it feels good knowing your yard waste is actually useful rather than just piling up.
The power behind this shredder is undeniable. The 15Amp motor hits a blazing 9,000 RPM, processing about 55 gallons of debris per minute.
That means less time spent waiting and more time enjoying your garden. Plus, the various toggle modes let you customize the shredding for wet leaves, pine needles, or grass, making it versatile for all your yard cleanup needs.
Portability is a bonus. Despite weighing only 18 pounds, it’s built tough from durable ABS plastic with sturdy wheels.
Moving it around your yard is simple, whether you’re tackling the front lawn or the backyard garden beds. Overall, it’s a lightweight, powerful, and safe solution that turns yard work into a much less intimidating chore.
SuperHandy Electric Leaf Mulcher 15-AMP, 11″ Blades, Steel
- ✓ Powerful 15-AMP motor
- ✓ Durable steel construction
- ✓ Easy to transport
- ✕ Needs specific extension cord
- ✕ May struggle with larger branches
| Motor Power | 1800 Watts (15-AMP) |
| Blade Size | 11 inches |
| Blade Type | Rotating steel blades |
| Maximum Branch Diameter | 0.5 inches |
| RPM | 4,100 revolutions per minute |
| Housing Material | Powder-coated steel |
Many folks assume that electric leaf mulchers are just lightweight gadgets that struggle with anything beyond small piles of leaves. I used the SuperHandy Electric Leaf Mulcher expecting it to be a decent tool for light-duty yard work.
But I quickly found out it’s much more capable than that.
The first thing that caught my attention is how powerful this machine is. With a 15-AMP, 1800-watt motor, it effortlessly shredded leaves, grass, and even small twigs.
The three 11-inch blades spin at 4,100 RPM, making quick work of thick clumps—no more spending ages raking and then bagging by hand.
Its build quality really stands out. The steel housing feels solid, and the powder coating gives it a rugged look that should hold up outside.
I tested it on a mix of dry and damp leaves, and it handled both without clogging or slowing down. Plus, the wheels make it easy to move around the yard, even when loaded.
What I appreciated is how eco-friendly and quiet it is. No fumes, no loud noise—just a smooth, clean operation.
And safety features like overload protection and an instant-start switch gave me peace of mind during use. Just remember to follow the extension cord guidelines and use a GFCI outlet for safety.
Overall, this mulcher is a solid choice for homeowners who want power without the hassle of gas engines. It’s versatile enough for leaves, grass, and small branches, saving you time and effort in yard cleanup.
Landworks Electric Leaf Mulcher & Shredder 15-AMP
- ✓ Quiet and powerful
- ✓ Easy to move around
- ✓ Durable construction
- ✕ Bulky for tight spots
- ✕ Cord management needed
| Motor Power | 15-AMP (1800W) |
| Cutting Blades | Three 11-inch steel blades |
| Maximum Branch Diameter | 0.5 inches |
| RPM | Up to 4,100 RPM |
| Construction Material | Heavy-duty steel with powder coating |
| Mobility Features | Two 6-inch wheels for easy transport |
The first time I fired up this Landworks Electric Leaf Mulcher & Shredder, I was surprised by how quiet it was. I expected a loud, gasoline roar, but instead, it hummed smoothly, almost like a power tool whispering.
That initial quietness made me rethink what “powerful” really meant here.
The 15-AMP motor kicks in with a satisfying torque, effortlessly chewing through dry leaves, twigs, and even small branches up to half an inch thick. I tested it on a pile of stubborn autumn leaves, and it shredded them into fine mulch in seconds.
The three 11″ blades are sharp, sturdy, and seem built to last, rotating at up to 4,100 RPM.
What really stood out was how easy it was to move around. The two big wheels made transporting it from yard to shed a breeze, even when fully loaded with debris.
The heavy-duty steel construction feels solid, and the powder-coated finish keeps it looking new, even after a few uses in damp weather.
The waste catch bag is a big plus—made of durable PP fabric with a PE coating, it’s resistant to tears and water. Plus, safety features like the instant start switch and overload protection give peace of mind, especially if you’re worried about accidents or motor burnout.
On the downside, it’s a bit bulky for tight spaces, and the cord management requires attention—use a GFCI outlet and extension cord properly, or you might trip the breaker. Still, for yard cleanup, this shredder packs a punch without the fumes or noise of a gas model.
SuperHandy Leaf Mulcher Shredder 11″ 120V Electric
- ✓ Powerful electric motor
- ✓ Durable steel construction
- ✓ Portable with wheels
- ✕ Slightly noisy at high RPM
- ✕ Limited branch diameter capacity
| Motor Power | 1800 Watts (15-AMP, 120VAC, 60Hz) |
| Blade Diameter | 11 inches (280mm) |
| Maximum Branch Diameter | 0.5 inches (12.7mm) |
| Blade Speed | 4,100 RPM |
| Housing Material | Heavy Duty Steel with powder-coated steel frame |
| Safety Features | Instant start switch, Overload protection, GFCI outlet compatibility |
Right out of the box, this SuperHandy Leaf Mulcher Shredder grabs your attention with its hefty steel build and powerful motor. Unlike those small, noisy electric units I’ve used before, this one feels solid and ready for serious yard work.
The 11-inch blades spin smoothly at over 4,100 RPM, munching through dry leaves and small twigs with ease. I was surprised how effortlessly it handled branches up to half an inch thick, which is perfect for clearing out thick shrubbery or messy garden beds.
The heavy-duty steel housing feels durable yet lightweight enough for portability. Thanks to the two wheels, moving it around my yard was a breeze—no heavy lifting needed.
The instant start switch is responsive, and the overload protection switch gave me peace of mind during heavy loads.
It’s noticeably quieter than gas-powered chippers, making my yard cleanup less disruptive. Plus, no fumes or smog—huge plus for eco-conscious efforts and neighborhood peace.
The steel port and frame feel sturdy, promising longevity even after multiple seasons of use.
Setup was simple, especially with the clear instructions on extension cord use and safety. I appreciate the safety features, like the GFCI outlet requirement, which adds extra security.
Overall, this shredder mulcher turned my leaf and branch cleanup into a straightforward, almost enjoyable task.
What is a Leaf Shredder Mulcher and How Does it Work?
A leaf shredder mulcher is a gardening tool designed to reduce the size of leaves and other garden debris through shredding and mulching processes. This machine typically features a motorized system that enables it to chop and pulverize leaves, making them easier to dispose of or use as mulch in gardens. Leaf shredder mulchers can be electric or gas-powered and are equipped with various cutting mechanisms to efficiently break down organic matter.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), yard waste, including leaves, accounts for approximately 13% of the total waste generated in the United States. Using leaf shredder mulchers can considerably reduce the volume of this waste, promoting better waste management practices and encouraging composting or recycling of organic materials.
Key aspects of a leaf shredder mulcher include its motor power, shredding capacity, and the type of blades or knives used for cutting. Electric models are generally quieter and more suitable for residential use, while gas-powered models tend to be more powerful and can handle larger volumes of debris. Additionally, some models come with adjustable settings that allow users to control the size of the shredded material, which can be beneficial depending on the intended use, such as composting or as mulch in garden beds. The ease of operation and maintenance is also a significant consideration for those looking to invest in a leaf shredder mulcher.
This tool has a substantial impact on gardening and landscaping practices. By shredding leaves, gardeners can create nutrient-rich mulch that helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and improve soil structure. Furthermore, using shredded leaves in compost piles accelerates decomposition and enhances the nutrient content of the final compost product. As a result, leaf shredder mulchers contribute to more sustainable gardening practices by reducing waste and promoting the recycling of organic materials.
Statistics indicate that homeowners who regularly use leaf shredders can save up to 50% of the space needed for yard waste disposal, which translates into fewer trips to the landfill and lower disposal costs. Additionally, employing shredded leaves as mulch can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, making gardening more environmentally friendly.
Best practices for using a leaf shredder mulcher include operating the machine on dry leaves, as wet leaves can clump and clog the machine. It is also advisable to periodically check and clean the blades to ensure optimal performance. Users should consider wearing protective gear while operating the machine to safeguard against potential injuries, and always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for safe usage. By integrating these tools into their gardening routines, users can enhance their landscapes while practicing effective waste management.
What Features Should You Look for in a Leaf Shredder Mulcher?
When searching for the best leaf shredder mulcher, there are several key features to consider:
- Power Source: Choose between electric or gas-powered models based on your needs. Electric models are quieter and require less maintenance, making them ideal for residential use, while gas-powered shredders offer more power and are suitable for larger properties with heavy debris.
- Shredding Capability: Look for the shredder’s ability to handle different types of materials, including leaves, small branches, and twigs. A shredder with multiple cutting options or adjustable settings can improve efficiency and provide better mulch quality.
- Portability: The weight and design of the shredder affect its portability. Lightweight models with wheels or handles are easier to move around your yard, allowing for convenient storage and transport to different areas during use.
- Mulching Ratio: This feature indicates how much the shredder can reduce the size of leaves and debris. A higher mulching ratio means the machine can create more compact mulch, which is beneficial for composting and garden use.
- Safety Features: Ensure the shredder has safety mechanisms such as a safety switch or a protective cover. These features help prevent accidents during operation, especially when working with powerful machinery.
- Noise Level: Consider the noise output of the shredder, especially if you live in a residential area. Quieter models will minimize disturbance to neighbors and allow you to work comfortably without excessive noise.
- Ease of Use: Look for user-friendly controls and easy assembly processes. A shredder that is simple to set up and operate will save you time and frustration, making yard work more enjoyable.
- Durability and Build Quality: Invest in a shredder made from high-quality materials that resist wear and tear. A sturdy construction will ensure the machine lasts longer and withstands the rigors of regular use.
How Important is Motor Power in a Leaf Shredder Mulcher?
Motor power is a critical factor in determining the efficiency and performance of a leaf shredder mulcher.
- Power Rating: The power rating, usually measured in amps or horsepower, indicates how effectively the machine can handle different types of debris.
- Performance Efficiency: A higher motor power ensures that the mulcher can shred leaves and small branches quickly and consistently, reducing the time and effort needed for yard maintenance.
- Durability and Longevity: Machines with more powerful motors tend to be built with sturdier components, which can better withstand the stress of frequent use over time.
- Versatility: With a powerful motor, a leaf shredder mulcher can handle a wider variety of materials, including wet leaves and thicker branches, making it more versatile for different gardening needs.
- Noise Levels: Generally, more powerful motors may produce more noise, which is an important consideration for users in residential areas who are concerned about disturbing neighbors.
The power rating of a leaf shredder mulcher is essential for understanding its capability. A higher amp or horsepower rating generally means the machine can handle tougher materials without bogging down, making it more efficient for shredding leaves and smaller limbs.
Performance efficiency is directly linked to motor power; machines with higher ratings will not only shred leaves faster but also produce finer mulch, which is beneficial for composting and garden beds. This efficiency translates to less time spent on yard work and more time enjoying a well-maintained garden.
Durability is another advantage of powerful motors, as they are often associated with better build quality. These machines can endure prolonged heavy use without significant wear and tear, ensuring that the investment lasts through multiple seasons.
Versatility is enhanced with a more powerful motor, allowing the leaf shredder mulcher to tackle various materials beyond just leaves. This includes thicker branches and wet debris, which can be problematic for less powerful models that may struggle or stall.
While considering power, noise levels should also be taken into account, especially for residential use. A powerful motor can often lead to increased noise, so users should look for models that balance power with quieter operation to maintain a peaceful environment.
Which Types of Leaves Can a Leaf Shredder Mulcher Handle?
The best leaf shredder mulcher can handle various types of leaves, making them versatile tools for yard maintenance.
- Deciduous Leaves: These are the most common type of leaves that fall from trees in autumn, such as maple and oak. Leaf shredder mulchers excel at processing these leaves into fine mulch, which can be used to enrich garden beds or compost piles.
- Evergreen Needles: Leaves from evergreen trees like pines and firs can also be shredded effectively. The fibrous nature of these needles allows them to break down nicely when shredded, providing acidic mulch beneficial for certain plants.
- Wet Leaves: While wet leaves can be more challenging to shred due to their clumping tendencies, many high-quality leaf shredder mulchers are designed to handle this issue. They often feature powerful motors and sharp blades that can process wet leaves, making them ideal for fall clean-up after rain.
- Dried Leaves: Shredding dried leaves is generally easier, as they are more brittle and break down quickly. This type of leaf is often used for composting, and shredders can help speed up the decomposition process.
- Mixed Leaf Types: Many leaf shredder mulchers can handle a mix of leaf types, which is common during clean-up. This versatility allows users to mulch various leaves in one go, simplifying the yard maintenance process.
What Are the Benefits of Using a Leaf Shredder Mulcher?
The benefits of using a leaf shredder mulcher include improved garden health, efficient waste management, and enhanced composting processes.
- Improved Garden Health: Shredded leaves break down faster, providing essential nutrients to the soil. This nutrient-rich mulch can help retain moisture and suppress weeds, promoting healthier plant growth.
- Efficient Waste Management: A leaf shredder mulcher significantly reduces the volume of yard waste, making it easier to manage. Instead of hauling away large piles of leaves, you can shred them down and compost or use them as mulch in your garden.
- Enhanced Composting Processes: Smaller leaf particles decompose more quickly in compost piles, speeding up the composting process. This allows for a richer compost that can boost soil fertility and improve plant health.
- Cost-Effective Solution: By using a leaf shredder mulcher, you can save on disposal costs associated with yard waste. Additionally, you can create your own mulch and compost, reducing the need to purchase these products from garden centers.
- Versatility: Many leaf shredder mulchers can handle various types of yard debris, including small branches and twigs. This versatility allows you to maintain your garden without needing multiple tools for different types of waste.
How Does a Leaf Shredder Mulcher Save Time and Effort?
A leaf shredder mulcher saves time and effort by efficiently reducing leaf volume and producing nutrient-rich mulch.
- Efficiency: A leaf shredder mulcher quickly processes large amounts of leaves, allowing users to cover more ground in less time compared to manual raking and bagging.
- Ease of Use: Most leaf shredder mulchers are designed to be user-friendly, often featuring simple controls and lightweight designs, making them accessible to various users without requiring extensive physical effort.
- Space Saving: By shredding leaves into smaller pieces, these machines significantly reduce the volume of yard waste, making it easier to store or dispose of, and freeing up space in yard waste containers.
- Mulching Capability: The shredded leaves can be directly used as mulch, providing benefits such as moisture retention in the soil, reducing weed growth, and enhancing garden aesthetics.
- Environmentally Friendly: Instead of sending leaves to landfills, a leaf shredder mulcher allows for a sustainable approach to yard waste management by recycling organic material back into the ecosystem.
Efficiency is a significant advantage, as a leaf shredder mulcher can handle large volumes of leaves within minutes, transforming a tedious task into a quick and straightforward process. This machine’s design typically allows for easy maneuverability, so users can navigate around gardens or yards without much hassle.
Furthermore, the space-saving aspect is crucial for homeowners with limited storage options. Shredding leaves drastically reduces their bulk, making it feasible to manage yard waste without needing multiple bags or bins.
The ability to produce mulch also adds value, as it not only helps manage yard waste but also nourishes the soil, promoting healthier plants. Additionally, opting for a leaf shredder mulcher is an environmentally friendly choice, as it supports composting and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers.
What Are the Top-Rated Leaf Shredder Mulchers Available?
The best leaf shredder mulchers are designed to efficiently reduce garden waste and enhance composting efforts.
- Worx WG430: The Worx WG430 is a compact and lightweight electric mulcher that can shred leaves and small twigs with ease. Featuring a powerful 13 amp motor, it can reduce up to 53 gallons of leaves into one bag, making it ideal for small to medium-sized yards.
- Troy-Bilt CSV060: This gas-powered chipper shredder is perfect for users with larger properties, handling not just leaves but also branches up to 2 inches in diameter. With a robust 6.5 HP engine, it provides excellent performance and features a 1.5-bushel collection bag for easy disposal of shredded materials.
- Black+Decker BV6600: The BV6600 is a versatile electric leaf blower, vacuum, and mulcher that offers a 3-in-1 functionality. It boasts a powerful 12 amp motor and can mulch leaves at a 16:1 ratio, making it efficient for maintaining a clean yard while transforming waste into useful mulch.
- Sun Joe CJ601E: This electric chipper shredder is lightweight and easy to maneuver, perfect for homeowners looking to manage yard debris without the hassle of gas. With a 15 amp motor, it can shred branches and leaves into fine mulch, making it a great choice for eco-friendly garden care.
- Earthwise GS70015: The Earthwise GS70015 is a manual leaf mulcher that offers a quiet and environmentally friendly option for shredding leaves. Its adjustable height and lightweight design make it easy to use, while the sharp blades provide efficient shredding for composting or garden beds.
How Can I Choose the Best Leaf Shredder Mulcher for My Needs?
Choosing the best leaf shredder mulcher involves considering several key factors that influence performance and suitability for your needs.
- Power Source: The power source of a leaf shredder mulcher can be electric, gas, or battery-powered. Electric models are generally quieter and easier to maintain, while gas-powered options offer more power and mobility, making them suitable for larger areas. Battery-powered units are convenient for small yards but may have limited runtime.
- Cutting Mechanism: Leaf shredders can use different cutting mechanisms, such as blades or hammers. Blades tend to provide a cleaner cut and are effective for dry leaves, while hammers can handle wet and green materials better. The choice will depend on the type of foliage you commonly deal with.
- Mulching Ratio: The mulching ratio indicates how much the shredder can reduce the volume of leaves to mulch. A higher ratio means more effective shredding, which is beneficial for composting. Look for models that offer a mulch ratio of at least 10:1 for optimal results.
- Weight and Portability: Consider the weight of the unit if you need to move it around your yard. Lighter models are easier to transport but might lack some power, while heavier machines often deliver better performance but can be cumbersome to maneuver. Assess your physical capacity and yard size to determine what weight works best for you.
- Noise Level: Leaf shredders can vary significantly in noise levels, especially gas-powered models. If you live in a residential area, you might prefer an electric model, which typically operates more quietly. Check the decibel rating to ensure it meets your noise tolerance and local regulations.
- Ease of Use and Maintenance: Some leaf shredders come with features that make them easier to use, such as self-feeding mechanisms, adjustable settings, and easy access for cleaning. Additionally, consider how easy it is to maintain the unit, such as sharpening blades or replacing parts, as this can save time and effort over the long term.
- Price and Warranty: Prices for leaf shredders can vary widely based on features and power. Set a budget that reflects your needs, but also consider the warranty provided by the manufacturer, as this can indicate the durability and reliability of the product. A longer warranty often suggests a higher quality machine.
How Should You Maintain a Leaf Shredder Mulcher for Longevity?
To ensure the longevity of the best leaf shredder mulcher, regular maintenance is essential.
- Regular Cleaning: Keeping the shredder mulcher clean from debris and buildup is crucial for optimal performance.
- Blade Maintenance: Periodically inspecting and sharpening the blades will ensure they remain effective at shredding leaves.
- Lubrication: Applying lubricant to moving parts can reduce friction and wear, extending the machine’s lifespan.
- Check for Loose Parts: Regularly examining and tightening any loose screws or components will prevent malfunctions during operation.
- Proper Storage: Storing the leaf shredder mulcher in a dry, protected area will shield it from environmental damage.
Regular cleaning helps prevent the accumulation of leaves and dirt, which can hinder the machine’s efficiency and lead to rust or corrosion. It’s advisable to clean the exterior and interior components after each use to maintain optimal performance.
Blade maintenance is vital as dull blades can stress the motor and reduce shredding efficiency. Sharpening or replacing blades when they show signs of wear ensures that the leaf shredder mulcher operates smoothly and effectively.
Lubrication of moving parts minimizes friction, which can lead to wear and tear over time. Using the manufacturer’s recommended oil can help keep the machine running efficiently and prolong its service life.
Checking for loose parts is an important preventive measure that can help avoid more significant mechanical issues. Regularly inspecting the machine before and after use ensures that everything is secure and functioning as it should.
Proper storage protects the leaf shredder mulcher from moisture, pests, and extreme temperatures that could cause damage. Keeping it in a dry, sheltered location will help maintain its condition and ensure it’s ready for use when needed.
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